Pricing Strategies in Marketing: 6 Pricing Methods for Your Business

Each company seeks to maximize its income while determining the market value of a new product. In this article, we described pricing method in marketing in detail. You will learn the six basic methods of pricing. Each pricing approach has its own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Each described method for calculating the optimum rate is used in practice, but an ideal one for you depends on the principles of process management in your company. So read, learn, and choose the best practice for your business.

There are six main pricing method in marketing, the two of which are methods of calculating prices based on the cost of the product (cost-oriented pricing), and four other pricing models are based on the factors of market environment (market-oriented pricing).

When using cost-oriented pricing methods, a company takes the current cost of a product as its starting point and depending on the product’s value sets the selling price. Such methods are suitable for companies that are not likely to affect the cost of products, for example, those with a well-established product cycle when they cannot reduce costs.

The market-oriented pricing, on the contrary, takes the impact of market factors on the value of the product as a basis: the perception of consumers, formed patterns of behaviour, the demand curve, and the competitive environment of the market. The starting point for calculating the value of the goods is the ideal price of the product that provides the maximum amount of sales and profits. And knowing the target value of the goods, the company aims to reduce costs and get the desired level of cost.

Let us consider in detail each methods of pricing in marketing with ready-made formulas for calculating and methodical recommendations.

1. CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE PRICING

• Perceived value pricing method is based on market research of consumer perception of the product price. The method incorporated the assumption that the consumer would consider an acceptable value of the goods if the price were the same as their conception of it. In other words:
• If the price of goods is too low (according to the consumer) – the consumer refuses to make a purchase, as he/she will doubt the quality of the goods
• If the price of goods is too high (according to the consumer) – the consumer refuses to make a purchase, as he/she will not agree to pay that price
• If the price of goods will correspond to the cost of the consumer concepts – the probability of a purchase will be the maximum.

At first glance, it looks quite simple: to calculate the price, you just need to show the item to your target consumers and ask them about the expected value of the product being demonstrated. However, in practice, to achieve the purity of the experiment and get undistorted data, it is required to comply with certain conditions.

Cost formula

The formula for calculating the cost of the product with the perceived value method of pricing is as follows: Product price = PV * k, where

Perceived Value (PV) = the perceived value of the product

k — perceived value adjustment factor

Why include the adjustment factor? Calculating the cost of the product with the method of perceived value, it is important to maintain the positive difference between the perceived value of goods and the real price, in other words, set the price of the goods so as to be slightly lower (approximately 5-10%) of the perceived value. In this case, the purchase of goods would seem advantageous to the customer.

Method realization

To set the price according to the method of perceived value it is necessary to conduct a quantitative study of the finished product (with the final characteristics, packaging, size, etc.) as accurately as possible and to create a situation of committing a real purchase. Research process looks as follows:

You demonstrate to the consumer the finished product without a price, surrounded by competitor products with a price tag.

You ask your customer: what, in their opinion, should be the price of your product?

The named price will be the perceived value of the product. It is important to show the real price of competitive products because they allow your consumer to form a benchmark for the price of a new product of the company, participated in the study.

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Tip: If you have never heard of the pay-what-you-want (PWYW) strategy, it’s high time you did. This is a pricing model, which borders with charity and donation when it comes to setting the cost for products or services. It was successfully implemented by Wikipedia, the Radiohead band and Humble Bundle digital video games store. For the first, the PWYW model has been a tremendous success, helping them raise more than $112 million during the 2018-19 donation run.

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2. PRICE BARRIER PRICING

The method is based on the assumption that the consumer forms a representation “on an acceptable price of the product based on price clusters. Each cluster is a price corridor, “from-to”, and according to the consumer has certain characteristics. The concept of price clusters (or price barriers) is formed in the minds of the target audience as a result of the accumulation of purchase experience.

The formation of price clusters is caused by the need to divide the countless consumer goods to the “cheap”, “normal”, “premium” and “luxury ” sectors, which saves time to choose the right product. There are no universal price clusters, they are specific for each market and can be identified in the course of quantitative consumer research.

Price clusters examples:

• Under $30: Items of the economy segment with the basic characteristics and of low quality;
• $30-50: mass-market products, unknown brand, good quality, with basic characteristics + some improvements;
• $50-100: high-quality premium products, well-known brands, with a maximum number of characteristics;
• $100+: luxury products, status, well-known brands.

Method realization

To calculate the price with the help of this pricing techniques in marketing, the first step required is a quantitative consumer research on the subject of formed price clusters in the minds of the audience. You should identify the image characteristics of each cluster, and to assess the price segment where the developed product gets with its final characteristics and design. Then, to estimate the probability of purchase of a developed product in every price cluster and, guided by the results of research, knowledge about the prices of competitors and target levels of profitability, to set the price for a new product.

Typically, this type of pricing is used in conjunction with other price setting methods in marketing and serves as an adjustment factor.

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Tip: Research the psychological effect of certain numbers. You’re definitely aware of your brain processing $3.00 and $2.99 as different values. But what about it (brain) perceiving odd numbers like 5, 7 and 9 differently from the mean ones, making buyers feel like they’re getting a better deal, even if they’re not?

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3. COMPETITOR-BASED PRICING

Competition is the main growth driver for any online business. This pricing method is a method, when the company sets the price, focusing on the cost of competitive products. In other words, the company establishes the principles of price positioning according to their competitors’ prices and follows them when calculating the price of the product. The cost price of the product, in this case, is secondary and depends on the target price of the product. Principles of price positioning may be as follows:

Product price is x% higher than that of competitor A; x% lower than that of competitor B;

The price of a product is always x $ lower than that of competitor C.

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Tip: Why not compete with yourself? Price anchoring is the practice of establishing a price point which customers can refer to when making decisions. This way, every time a consumer sees a 25% discount like  ̶$̶1̶0̶0̶ , the $100 is the price anchor for the $75 sales price. Another psychological trick that works great for all ecommerce niches.

4. GOING-RATE PRICING

This market-oriented pricing method is used to establish prices for similar product markets. In such markets, the differences in the product are minimal or the consumer buys goods only for their basic characteristics and is not ready to pay more for additional features or conditions. Accordingly, the consumer chooses the product with the lowest cost. (For example, the market of aluminum or steel, matches, toothpicks, etc.)

The going rate pricing method is, in fact, is the method where the product price is assigned to the prevailing market price. If the difference between the prices on the market is not great – the arithmetic mean value is taken.

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Tip: Since competitor prices tend to be similar, it’s challenging to stand out with your product or service. Normally the bigger players move first and the smaller ones follow. Businesses successfully using this pricing strategy benefit from a strong branding and marketing strategy. Creating a positive brand perception and communicating the values are extremely important when it comes to be noticed in front of the crowd.

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5. CONTRIBUTION PRICING

Let’s proceed to the cost-oriented methods of setting prices in marketing.

The first method is contribution pricing and it is inextricably linked with the concept of the break-even point. The idea of this concept is to establish such a level of prices, that will cover the cost of production of the product. Thus, the starting point for determining the price is the target profit from the sale of products.

An example of the formulation of the target profit for calculating the price of the product: the total profit from the sale of the new product should be no higher or equal to the costs of the company.

Method realization

To calculate the price with the described method it is necessary to define 3 indicators: variable costs to produce 1 unit of product; target sales of goods, the company plans to reach; and fixed costs for the production of the set amount of products.

When all the original data is determined, we can calculate the minimum selling price of the product (equal to the break-even point). The resulting calculation of the minimum price is the lower threshold value of the product, below which the sales will bring losses. Upon receipt of such a price, you should analyse its competitiveness. There are several possible ways to do this:

• compare the minimum price with a perceived price of a product
• compare the minimum price with the price for competitors’ products
• assess the market demand volume at the lowest price

The analysis will make it clear whether the company can sell the product with this minimum price. There are 3 options:

• Minimum price – is the limit of competitiveness, any price above the minimum leads to the abandonment of the purchase. In this case, the minimum selling price = price.
• This product will be in demand at a price higher than the minimum cost. In such a case, the selling price will be higher than the minimum price.
• This product will be in demand only at a price below the minimum price. In this case, the company must look for ways to reduce the cost of goods.

Method realization example:

Let say we have the following background information about the product:

– Variable production cost per unit = $25

– Monthly business costs = $100,000

– Target sales volume at a competitive price = 10,000 pieces

Based on the available information, we can determine the minimum price of the product, which will cover all the expenses of the company:

Calculate the total cost of the production of a product: fixed costs + variable costs = 100.000 + 25 * 10.000 = $350.000

The minimum profit per unit to cover the cost of business should be equal to: the monthly cost / target sales volume = 350,000 / 10,000 = $35. Thus, the price of $35 will allow business to be even.

With the next step, we should assess the competitiveness of the received minimum value of the product. As a result of studies to assess the perceived value of the product, we found that consumers are willing to buy a product for $55. Based on this information, we can safely set the value of the product at the level of $49 (10% lower than the perceived value).

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Tip: The contribution pricing strategy can be a silver bullet helping to identify the core products. Once this is done, it’s high time to proceed with upsell. When your customer is in a buying mood, they are likely to add a couple of supplementary items to the cart. Group like-minded products into bundles and reduce prices for one. Buyers are far more likely to pick up the bundle if they can save a percentage on each one, rather than buy them individually and pay full price. To engage consumers in buying bundles, you can also try raising the individual prices. However, this strategy should be used sparingly, and not as an end-point goal to increase your sales.

6. MARK UP PRICING

The main principle of this method is to establish a fixed percentage of income that you expect to earn from the sale of 1 unit. In other words, according to this method, the price for a product or service must ensure receipt of a fixed level of profitability at the existing level of variable costs.

Profitability rate is determined based on the following parameters:

• Ambitions of the business. A business owner has the right to set the desired level of marginality of their products, depending on the uniqueness of the product.
• Mid-market rates. Highly competitive markets’ profitability rates sooner or later come to the mean value, which is reached at the level of the balance of profit and sales.
• Turnover of goods. A lower level of profitability is usually installed for high turnover goods, a higher level of profitability – for low turnover goods with a long consumer buying cycle.
• Risks and interest losses. High projected losses require planning a higher rate of return, which will cover the projected costs.
• The elasticity of demand. The elasticity of demand is often set at the maximum limit for the value of the product, which in turn goes to the limit of the marginality of the product.

Method realization

The first step should be a step to determine the variable costs of the production of 1 unit and set a target profitability rate of the product. Then calculate the price of the product to achieve the set objectives for earnings, using the following formula:

Price ($) = Cost value / (1-Profitability) where

Product price is the selling price of 1 unit, $

Cost value is the cost of production of 1 unit, $

Profitability is a profit percentage (%) of the price of 1 unit.

The final step is to assess the obtained value for competitiveness, and if necessary, adjust the price of the product.

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Tip: Speaking of fixed costs, we could not omit the idea of flat rate pricing. This means having a consistent price per unit regardless of the amount purchased. It works perfect for online subscriptions like the ones to Netflix and Spotify. Also, can be applied to services, which online ecommerce businesses offer, i.e., fixed prices for shipping.

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